Justice
True Justice
Absolute
Justice
Principles of
Justice
Reciprocity
Administration
of Justice
Basic Liberty
Equality
Laws
Rights
Perversion of
Justice
Vanity
Profit
Errors
Tyrants
The Rich and
Mighty
Guilty Men
Rewards vs.
Merit
Might vs. Right
Bankrupts
Slavery
Protecting the
Criminal
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The Old
Testament.
"Then I looked on all the
works that my hands had wrought, and on the labour that I had
laboured to do: and, behold, all was vanity and vexation
of spirit, and there was no profit under the sun."
[Ecclesiastes 2:11]1a*
"I returned, and saw under the
sun, that the race is not to the swift, nor the battle
to the strong, neither yet bread to the wise, nor yet riches to
men of understanding, nor yet favour to men of skill; but time and
chance happeneth to them all." [Ecclesiastes 9:11]1b*
"Doth God pervert judgment? or
doth the Almighty pervert justice?" [Job 8:3]1c
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The Analects.
"The Master said: 'It is all over! I have never come
across anyone capable of discerning his errors and inwardly
bringing himself to justice.'" [5:27]1a
"Zigong asked: 'Is there a single word such that one
could practice it throughout one's life?' The Master said: 'Reciprocity
perhaps? Do not inflict on others what you yourself would not wish
done to you.'" [15:24]1b
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Leviathan.
"The
safety of the People, requireth further, from him, or them that
have the Sovereign Power, that Justice be equally administred
to all degrees of People, that is, that as well the rich and
mighty, as poor and obscure persons, may be righted of the
injuries done them . . . "1a
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Pensées.
"Mine, thine. 'This is my dog,' said
these poor children . . . There is the origin and image of universal
usurpation1a*
"Equality of possessions is no doubt right, but, as men could
not make might obey right, they have made right obey might."1b
"Of true justice. We no longer have any."1c*
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The Spirit
of the Laws.
"As soon as man enters into a state
of society he loses the sense of his weakness; equality
ceases, and then commences the state of war."1a
" . . . [I]nsomuch that among the
Germans, contrary to the practice of all other nations,
justice
was administered in order to protect the criminal against
the party injured."1b
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Philosophical
Dictionary.
"Equality. What does a dog owe to a dog, and a horse to a horse?
Nothing, no animal depends on his like; but man having received the ray of divinity called
reason, what is the result? Slavery throughout almost the whole world."1a
"Hell. As soon as men
lived in society they must have noticed that some guilty men
eluded the severity of the law."1b
"Tyranny. The sovereign
who knows no laws but his own whim, who seizes
the property of his subjects, and who then enlist them
to seize that of his neighbours is called a tyrant."1c
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The Social
Contract.
"Man was born free,
and everywhere he is in chains."1a
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The Wealth of
Nations.
"When the law does not enforce the performance of
contracts, it puts all borrowers nearly upon the same footing with bankrupts or people
of doubtful credit . . . "1b
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The Mirage of
Social Justice.
"
. . . [F]reedom is inseparable from
rewards which often have no connection with merit . . . "2a*
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The
Rebel: An Essay on Man in Revolt.
"Once crime was as
solitary as a cry of protest; now it is as universal as
science. Yesterday it was put on trial; today it determines
the law."1a
"Absolute freedom mocks
at justice. Absolute justice denies freedom. To be
fruitful, the two ideas must find their limits in each
other."1b
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A Theory of
Justice.
"The principles of justice are chosen behind a veil of
ignorance."1a
"TWO PRINCIPLES OF JUSTICE.
First: each person is to have an equal right to the most
extensive basic liberty compatible with a similar liberty
for others.
Second: social and economic inequalities are to be arranged
so that they are both (a) reasonably expected to be to
everyone's advantage, and (b) attached to positions and
offices open to all."1b
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The
Five Books of Moses: Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers,
Deuteronomy. Translated with Introductions,
Commentary, and Notes by Everett Fox. Illustrations by
Schwebel. (The Schocken Bible, Vol. 1)
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Torah: The
Five Books of Moses.
Translated by Harry M. Orlinsky.
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Soncino
Hebrew/English Babylonian Talmud.
30-Volume Set. Edited by Isidore Epstein.
EARCH
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The Holy Bible, King James Version.
EARCH
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Confucius. The
Analects. Translated with an
Introduction and Notes by Raymond Dawson. (Oxford World's
Classics.)
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The
Analects of Confucius: A Philosophical Translation.
Translated with an Introduction by Roger T. Ames and Henry
Rosemont, Jr. (Classics of Ancient China.)
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Montesquieu.
The Spirit of the Laws,
Vols. 1-2. [The Hafner Library of Classics.]
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Montesquieu.
The Spirit of the Laws.
[Cambridge Texts in the History of Political Thought.]
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Voltaire. Philosophical
Dictionary. (Penguin Classics.)
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Jean-Jacques
Rousseau. Discourse on Political
Economy and The Social Contract.
(The World's Classics.)
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Jean-Jacques
Rousseau. The Social Contract.
(Penguin Classics.)
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Adam Smith.
An Inquiry into the Nature and
Causes of the
Wealth of Nations (Two Volumes in One).
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Adam Smith.
The Wealth of Nations:
An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes.
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Adam Smith.
The
Wealth of Nations (Books I-III).
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F.A.
Hayek. Law,
Legislation and Liberty. Volume 1: Rules and Order.
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F.A.
Hayek. Law,
Legislation and Liberty. Volume 2: The Mirage of
Social Justice.
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F.A.
Hayek. Law,
Legislation and Liberty. Volume 3: The Political Order
of a Free People.
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Albert
Camus. The Rebel: An Essay on
Man in Revolt.
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*
Italics in the original.
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1
The Holy Bible.
The Old Testament. King James Version. London, England: Collins'
Clear-Type Press, 1957.
a Ecclesiastes
2:11.
b Ecclesiastes
9:11.
c Job
8:3.
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1 Confucius. The
Analects. Translated with an Introduction and
Notes by Raymond Dawson. Translation, Editorial material, Raymond
Dawson, 1993. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. {The
Analects consist of about 500 pieces organized by book and
chapter; Confucius is referred to as Master Kong.]
a 5:27.
b 15:24.
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1
Thomas Hobbes (1588-1679). Leviathan
(1651). Edited with an Introduction by C.B. Macpherson. C.B.
Macpherson, 1968. London, England: Penguin Books Ltd., 1985.
a
Of Common-Wealth, at 385.
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1 Blaise Pascal
(1623-1662). Pens�es (1670).
Translated with an Introduction by A.J. Krailsheimer. A.J.
Krailsheimer, 1966, 1995. London, UK: Penguin Books Ltd.
a Wretchedness, 64, at 18.
b Causes and Effects, 81, at 21.
c Causes and Effects, 86, at 23.
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1 Baron
de Montesquieu (Charles Louis de Secondat, 1689-1755). The
Spirit of the Laws, Vols. 1-2. Translated by Thomas
Nugent, with an Introduction by Franz Neumann. New York, NY:
Hafner Press, A Division of the Free Press, 1949.
a Vol. I, Book I: On Laws in General, at 5.
b Vol. II, Book XXX: Theory of the Feudal Laws Among
the Franks in the Relation they Bear to the Establishment of the
Monarchy, at 200.
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1 Voltaire (1694-1778). Philosophical
Dictionary (1764). Edited and translated by Theodore
Besterman, 1972. London,
England: Penguin Books Ltd.
a Egalité: Equality, at 181.
b Enfer: Hell, at 184.
c Tyrannie: Tyranny, at 398.
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1
Jean-Jacques
Rousseau. Discourse on Political
Economy and The Social Contract.
Translated with Introduction and Notes by Christopher
Betts. Christopher Betts, 1994. Oxford, UK: Oxford
University Press, 1994.
a
Book I, at 45.
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1 Adam Smith (1723-1790). The
Wealth of Nations (1776). 2 vols. in 1. Edited by Edwin Cannan. Preface by
George J. Stigler. The University of Chicago, 1976. Chicago, IL: The University of Chicago
Press, at 74 (vol. 1, bk. 1). (Cannan's ed. was originally pub. 1904 by Methuen & Co.,
Ltd.)
a Vol. 1, bk. 1, at 107.
b Vol. 1, bk. 3, at 411.
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1 F.A. Hayek (1899-1992). The Road to
Serfdom. Fiftieth
Anniversary Edition. Introduction by Milton Friedman. Chicago,
IL: The University of Chicago, 1944, 1972, 1994.
a
Economic Control and Totalitarianism, at 98-99.
2 F.A. Hayek. Law,
Legislation and Liberty. Volume 2: The Mirage of
Social Justice. F.A. Hayek, 1976. Chicago, IL: The University of
Chicago Press.
a The Game of Catallaxy, at 120.
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1 Albert Camus. The
Rebel: An Essay on Man in Revolt. A revised and
complete translation by Anthony Bower. With a Foreword by Sir
Herbert Read. Originally published in France as L'homme
Révolté by Librairie Gallimard in 1951. Librairie
Gallimard, 1951. Translation first published in the United States
by Alfred A. Knopf, Inc. in 1956. Alfred A. Knopf, Inc., 1956 and
1984. New York, NY: Vintage International, a division of Random
House, Inc., 1991.
a Introduction, p. 3.
b Part Five: Thought at the Meridian. Rebellion
and Murder, p. 291.
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1 John Rawls (1921-2002). A Theory of Justice.
Cambridge, MA: The Belknap Press of the Harvard University Press,
1971.
a Justice as Fairness, at 12.
b The Principles of Justice, at 60 (first statement of
the two principles). The principles are restated at 250. The full
statement is given at 302.
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